Junior Physician Sample Curriculum

Boyles Law looks at the relationship between a gas's pressure and its volume at constant temperature. That means when the temperature does not change, there is a relationship between a gas's pressure and volume.



Boyles Law states that at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. What in the world does that mean?

That just means that as the volume of a gas increases, its pressure will decrease. Or if the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases.



Charles Law looks at the relationship between a gas's volume and its temperature at constant pressure. At constant pressure, the temperature of a gas is __________ proportional to a gas's volume.



This just means that as the temperature of a gas increases, then the volume of the gas will increase as well. Where can you see this occurring?









Gay-Lussac's Law looks at the relationhip between a gas's pressure and its temperature at constant volume. At constant volume, the temperature of a gas is ___________ proportional to a gas's pressure.

This means that if the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure will also increase as long as the volume doesn't change.

Where can you see this occurring?





I. Heart





The heart is the center of the cardiovascular system. Its constant pumping pushes blood throughout the body, carrying important molecules necessary for a human to survive. The heart is divided into two main sections: the atria and the ventricles. The atria are the upper portion of the heart while the ventricles are the bottom portion of the heart. The atria and ventricles each are divided into left and right compartments, each with a different function. The right atrium receives blood that is coming back from the body through the veins. As the right atrium expands to make room for blood filling in, the valve to the right ventricle is closed. The moment the atrium is filled, the blood then flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. This is when the right atrium gets smaller so that it can get all the blood through. Once all the blood is through, the tricuspid valve closes, then the right ventricle contracts to push all the blood through the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery then takes the deoxygenated blood to the alveoli of the lungs so that it can drop off CO2 and pick up oxygen.

Once the blood picks up the oxygen, the blood flows through the pulmonary vein and back into the left atrium. As the oxygenated blood fills, the bicuspid valve is closed. Once the blood fills into the left atrium, the atrium contracts and pushes the blood into the left ventricle and through the bicuspid valve. The left ventricle then contracts to push all the oxygenated blood out the aorta so that it can circulate the body. Eventually, the blood comes back to the veins and enters the right atrium again. The cycle then repeats.

The right and left atria both contract together so that the blood in the right atrium goes into the right ventricle and the left atrium goes into the left ventricle. Then both the left ventricle and the right ventricle contract so that the blood in the right ventricle flows to the lungs and the blood in the left ventricle flows to the rest of the body. The muscle that helps the heart beat is the cardiac muscle.

The heart rate is the number of beats the heart makes in a minute. Your heart rate can be measured along the neck or on your wrist. Whenever you take your own
Types of Muscles

Muscles can be categorized into three groups: the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. All three groups are unique and different from each other and are shown in different parts of the human body. As we continue, we will take a look at each group of muscles.

A. Skeletal Muscle



Skeletal is the first group of muscle that you think of: the type of muscles you see on body builders. These are the muscles that you control, that your brain tells everyday about what to control. All the movements you decide to make, these are the muscles that you tell to move. If you wanted to lift an object from the floor and onto the table, you'd use your skeletal muscles. From the picture to the right, notice how skeletal muscles have a striated appearance. These striated looks come from two different protein filaments: actin and myosin. Whenever the muscle flexes, the actin and myosin filaments slide past each other so the overall muscle fiber decreases in size.

To demonstrate this, everyone flex your arms and try to feel the tension. Notice that the muscle gets harder every time you flex because the overall muscle contracts. When it contracts, the muscle shortens. All muscle fibers are placed together to give you the overall muscle as a whole, as shown in this picture on the next page.







Chemistry Lecture 3




Let's review a little bit on the structure and function of DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and carries the genetic code for our makeup. DNA is made up of two strands; each strand is made up of nucleotides.



Nucleotides consist of 3 main parts: a phosphate group, sugar group, and a nitrogenous base group. The phosphate and sugar make up the backbone of the chain, while the nitrogenous base binds another nitrogenous base of the second strand.

Recall that the four nitrogenous bases are A, T, C, and G. How do the two strands bind together? Since the nitrogenous bases are always on the inside of the molecule, they are the actual molecules that connect the two strands. They connect through complementary base pairing. This means that the base A will always bind to T while the base C will always bind to base G.

Our genes are encoded by the sequence of the bases for each nucleotide. For example, the gene for black hair is a different sequence of bases than the gene for blonde hair.



We all receive genes from our parents; that are why you may have your mother's nose and your father's smile. You are a new human being, with a mix of your father's and mother's genes. Maternal twins are humans with the same copy of genes from their mother and father. That is why they look very alike.

Recall that there are many types of genetic diseases in today's society. In order to treat these genetic diseases, humans have continuously been conducting research to